Tazhu corpus - with design comments and notes
Last update: Dec. 22, 2004
Cumulative Lexicon to date
Cumulative Grammar to date
Dec. 17, 2004 Volume 1 Section 1. 1. I see a boy. Ku vizo seladu. Vizo seladu. Case marking is carried by the article, not the noun. Acc. of indefinite article is "sa". Articles are usually appended to the front of the noun. viziro = to see First person singular of viziro is vizo. ladu = boy, lad ku = I, me (optional in most cases) 2. I see a girl. Vizo sekiru. kiru = girl 3. I see a boy and a girl. Vizo seladu ena sekiru. ena = and 4. The boy can see the girl. Ladu ablito viziro tekiru. Acc. of definite article is "te". Like the indefinite article, the definite article is appended to the front of the noun. ableo = able (to ...) Third person singular of ableo is ablito. Ableo takes infinitive argument "I can see" -> "Ku ablo viziro." 5. I can see the girl and the boy. Ablo viziro tekiru ena teladu. 6. I can see the girl. Ablo viziro tekiru. 7. See the man! Viziko teandru. -iako marks the imperative verb andru = man 8. See the boy and the man! Viziko teladu ena teandru. 9. The man has a hat. Dasa andru pozeso seharapu. Nominative of the definite article is dasa Dasa stands apart from the noun for some unknown reason. pozio = to posses or have (not necessarily to own) harapu = hat 10. Has the boy a hat? Kiwa pozeso dasa ladu seharapu? Kiwa begins a sentence which is a question. 11. The boy can run. Ablito dasa ladu vileo. vileo - to run 12. Can the man run? Kiwa ablito dasa andru vileo? 13. The man can see the boy run. Ablito dasa andru viziro tena dasa ladu vilito. tena - sa-sen introduces a clause which is the object of the verb. I'm not sure what it actually means or how it is translated into English. Ablito andru viziro tena ladu vilito. The nominative of the definite article is optional and may be left out. 14. I have a hat. Pozo seharapu. 15. I have a doll. Pozo sedaliu. daliu - doll 16. See my doll! Viziko sedaliu naku. naku - of mine 17. Can the doll see? Kiwa ablito viziro dasa daliu? Ablito viziro daliu? 18. I can see my doll. Ablo viziro sedaliu naku. The indefinite article is used on the noun to mark case when the possesive "naku" is used. 19. Has the doll a hat? Pozeso daliu seharapu? 20. My doll has a hat. Daliu naku pozeso seharapu. Pozeso daliu naku seharapu. Saharapu pozeso daliu naku. Word order is quite flexible. 21. The girl has a doll and a hat. Kiru pozeso sedaliu ena seharapu. 22. Can the boy play? Kiwa ablito ladu fameo? Ablito ladu fameo? The questioning tone of voice can sometimes take the place of Kiwa. fameo - to play (as in a game. not applied to music or other performance arts.) When fameo takes an object it must be the name of the game or the type of game "play chess" or "play a card game". The English phrases "play with the ball" or "play with Fred" would use a different verb that expects a different sort of object than this verb. 23. The boy can run and play. Ablito ladu vileo ena fameo. 24. The boy can play ball. (... play a ball game) Ablito ladu fameo sepalefamu. palu = ball (pale = adj form) famu = game palefamu = ball game 25. Can the man play ball? Kiwa ablito andru fameo sepalefamu? 26. The man may see the boy play. Metito andru viziro tena ladu famito. meteo = to be allowed or permitted (to ...) 27. May the man take the ball? Kiwa metito andru numio tepalu? numio = to take 28. The boy may take the ball. Metito ladu numio tepalu. 29. Can the girl see the baby? Ablito kiru viziro tebabu? babu = baby 30. Can the baby see the little girl? Kiwa ablito viziro babu tetizne kiru? tizne = small, tiny The prepended definite article "te" moves to the adjective which then precedes the noun. "Vizo tepalu." becomes "Vizo tetizne palu." 31. The baby has a big doll. Pozeso babu seruge daliu. ruge = large, big 32. The little girl has a ball. Dasa tizne kiru pozeso sepalu. Pozeso dasa tizne kiru sepalu. The definite article in the nominative is usually optional but almost always used before an adjective. 33. I can see the baby. Ablo viziro tebabu. 34. Can the baby see my big hat? Kiwa ablito viziro babu teruge harapu naku? 35. The baby may have my ball. Babu metito pozio hepalu naku. 36. Take the ball, baby! Numiako tepalu, babu. 37. The man has a little dog. Andru pozeso setizne kopu. kopu = dog 38. The boy has a big dog. Ladu pozeso seruge kopu. 39. See the little dog run! Viziko tena tetizne kopu vilito. 40. He has my ball. Pozeso tepalu naku. Tsu pozeso tepalu naku. tsu = he (in the nominative) If it is desired to emphasize "he" the pronoun is used. 41. May the big dog have it? Metito pozio dasa ruge kopu eta? eta = it (in the accusative) pozio metito dasa ruge kopu eta? 42. May he take it? Metito numio eta? Numio metito eta? 43. The little dog may have the ball. Dasa tizne kopu metito pozio tepalu. 44. He may run and play with it. Metito vileo ena choeo eta. choeo = play with (see also "fameo" above.) It appears that Tazhu has many more verbs than English and that English verbs like "run to", "run away from", "run into", and so on are completely separate verbs in Tazhu. "play" and "play with" are two different verbs in tazhu. 45. See the little bird! Viziko tetizne shadaru. shadaru = bird (Specifically song bird, not usually applied to game birds, birds of prey, or domestic farm birds like chickens or turkeys.) 46. May the baby have it? Pozio metito babu eta? In a question asking "may I ..." or "can he ..." or similar uses of "meteo", the infinitive of the referenced verb is often placed before "meteo" to emphasize which action the speaker is requesting permission for. This never happens in a simple statement, only in a question. The above example is literally "To-have he-is-permitted baby the-ball?" ----- Dec. 18, 2004 ----- 47. May she take it? Numio metito selu eta? Numio metito eta? selu = she (in the nominative) In the third person of the verb no distinction is made between he, she, and it. All use the same form of the verb. The pronoun selu can be used when it is necessary to emphasize "she". Otherwise it is optional. 48. She can not take it. Niablito numio eta. niableo = ni + ableo = not able (to ...) 49. The bird can fly. Ablito shadaru fulio. fulio = to fly 50. The baby can not have the bird. Niablito dasa babu pozio teshadaru. 51. She can not fly. Niablito fulio. Niablito fulio selu. 52. She may play with my doll. Metito choeo sedaliu naku. Metito choeo sedaliuku. Recent usage has the suffix -ku playing the role of naku. 53. She may have my big hat. Metito pozio seruge harapu naku. Metito pozio seruge harapu naku selu. Selu metito pozio seruge harapu naku. When the personal pronoun is used is usually falls either at the end or the beginning of the sentence. 54. I see a man and a dog and a cow. Vizo seandru ena sekopu ena seakleadu. akleadu = cow Notice that se+akleadu -> seakleadu with each 'a' pronounced separately. In general paired vowels are pronounced separately with a slight glottal stop between them. 55. The cow is with the man. Akleadu kombaneso teandru. kombanio = to accompany, to stand beside, to be with. 56. The dog has a big hat. Kopu pozeso seruge harapu. 57. He is a good little dog. (The little dog exhibits goodness.) Dasa tizne kopu stimeso kale. he-ito tekopu poa kale. poa - with, but only in the sense of qualifying a manner of action of some verb as in "treat with respect", "proceed with caution", or "handle with care." Takes the dative. ho- the dative of the non-article. (se he-) kaneo - to treat or handle as in handle with care or treat with respect. 58. He may take the hat to the man. Metito parneo teharapu elar toandru. 59. The man is good to the dog. (The man treats the dog with kindness.) Andru kanito tekopu poa kale. 60. The cow can run. Ablito akleadu vileo. 61. She can not play. Niablito fameo selu. 62. The baby can not have the bird. Babu niablito pozio teshadaru. 63. She can not fly and catch it. Niablito fulio ena praneo eta. praneo - to capture, to enslave, to domesticate 64. Can she catch the good little girl? Ablito trechio tekale tizne kiru. trechio - to catch up with or overtake, to draw even with. 65. Come, baby, come! Reviako, babu, reviako. revio - come, come here. 66. Come and catch me. Reviako ena trechiako kua. 67. Catch me and my big doll. Trechiako kua ena teruge daliuku. Trechiako kua ena teruge daliu naku. 68. Catch me, and you may have the doll. (When you catch me then you may have the doll.) Yava trecheso kua saden metito pozio tedaliu. yava - when, as in if and when, or under the condition that... saden - then, in that case. 69. You may have it to play with. Metito pozio dina choeo etu. dina - in order to, to be able to Section 1 Review 70. The boy has a big dog. Ladu pozeso seruge kopu. 71. You may see the dog play ball. Metito viziro tena kopu fameo sepalefamu. 72. Can he catch it? Rechio ablito etu? (can he catch up with it?) Praneo ablito etu? (Can he capture it?) 73. May I run and take it? Vileo ena numio meto eta? Two infinitives preceed meteo. 74. The man with the big hat has a cow. Andru tena pozeso teruge harapu, pozeso seakleadu. 75. The girl is good to the little baby. Kiru stimeso kale konsa tekizne babu. konsa - toward, concerning. Takes accusative. 76. The baby may have my big doll. Babu metito pozio teruge daliuku. 77. She can not catch the bird. Niablito praneo teshadaru selu. 78. She may come with me and see the bird fly. Selu metito revio par kua dina visito tena shadaru fuleso. par - along with, accompanying. Takes acc. See kombanio.
Cumulative Lexicon to date
Cumulative Grammar to date
Volume 1 Section 2 1. Come with me, and see the boys. Reviako par kua dina vizeno teladi. Plurals are formed by replacing final 'u' with 'i'. 2. One little boy has a drum. Ona tizne ladu pozeso setamparu. tamparu - drum ona - one 3. Two boys have big hats. Tosa ladi pozesto teruge harapi. Third person plural of pozio is pozesto. tosa - two 4. One boy has a ball. Ona ladu pozeso sepalu. 5. See the boys go! Viziko tena ladi mutesto. mutio - go, move. Go to ... with accusative. 6. See the boys go with the drum. Viziko tena ladi mutesto par tetamparu. 7. One, two; one, two; drum, drum! Ona, tosa; ona, tosa; tampo, tampo. tampeo - to drum. to play a drum 8. The girls have come to play with the baby. Kiri harevesto dina choento tebabu. ha- (had- if verb begins with a vowel) prefix to verb. haviziro - have seen 9. Two girls have little dolls. Tosa kiri pozesto tizne dalui Notice that a noun ending in -iu changes to -ui for plural. 10. One girl has a red dress. Ona kiru pozeso selozhe labisu. lozhe - red labisu - dress, gown. 11. The baby is glad to see the girls. Babu pelsito viziro tekiri. pelsio - is happy (to ...) takes infinitive verb 12. The girl with the red dress is May. Kiru tena esabito telozhe labisu, steno May. esabeo - to wear (as clothing) stiro - to be named, to be called ... 13. May is glad to see the good baby. May pelsito viziro tekale babu. 14. She will take the baby to see the bird. Leparnito tebabu dina vizeno teshadaru. Le- future tense prefix 15. Come with me, little May. Kombaniako kua, tizne May. 16. We will go to the field. Lemutomo tekampu. Ki lemutomo tekampo. kampu - field ki - we - plural of ku -uso first person plural verb ending 17. We will go and see the cows. Lemutomo dina viziro teakleadi. ------- Dec. 19, 2004 ------- 18. The cows are in the field. Akleadi soprento tekampu. sopreo - to be upon 19. My cow is red. (My cow exhibits redness.) Akleaduku stimeso lozhe. lozhertu = lozhe + rtu 20. Two cows are not red. Tosa akleadi nistimesto lozhe. nistimio = ni + stimio - does not exhibit trait 21. One and two are three. Ona en tosa akrento kirsa. kirsa - three akreo - amount to, come to, total up to 22. We have three cows. Pozomo kirse akleadi. Note that numbers take adjectival -e endings when they do not stand in for articles. 23. Three birds are in the tree. Kirsa shadari soprento tebaraku. (... are-upon the tree) Kirsa shadari lentrento teboshlu. (... are-within the bush) baraku - large tree boshlu - small tree or bush lentreo - to be within Idiomatic usage: The bird is "upon" the tree but "within" the bush. 24. One is a pretty red bird. Onu spesito seguze lozhe shadaru. speseo - to be described as, to look like guze - pretty, attractive 25. You can not catch it. Niablelo prechio eta. (catch up to) Niablelo praneo eta. (capture) 26. It is high in the tree. Soprito kelsen tebaraku. kelsen - adverb, highly as in highly upon the tree 27. The red bird can see the boys with the drum. Dasa lozhe shadaru ablito viziro teladi ti pozesto tetamparu. (...the boys they have the drum) ti - they 28. It can see the little girl with the red dress. Ablito viziro tetizne kiru selu esabito telozhe labisu. ( ... little girl she wears the red dress) 29. It can see the good baby and the pretty doll. Ablito visio tekale babu ena teguze daliu. 30. It can see the man in the field. Ablito viziro teandru tsu lentrito tekampu. 31. Pretty birds, will you fly to me? Guze shadari, kiwa lefuleso elar kuan? 32. The little boy has a red wagon. Dasa tizne ladu pozeso lozhe karadinu. karadinu = karu + dinu = small wagon, toy wagon karu - wagon -dinu - diminutive or toy version of a thing babadinu - baby doll, or little baby. Used affectionately to real baby. 33. Is it not a pretty one? Kiwa stimeso guze? 34. The boy will let little May ride in it. Ladu metito tena tizne May basenito eta. baseneo - to ride within, to ride upon, as a passenger, not as a driver or pilot 35. Come, May, come and see my wagon. Reviako, May. Reviako ena viziko karadinu naku. 36. You may get in it, and have a ride. Metelo lentreo ena baseneo. 37. I will take you with me to the fields. Leparno vua elar tokampi. vua - you singular accusative 38. You may have a good ride. Metelo baseneo guzen. guzen - nicely, pleasantly 39. Is the drum in the wagon? Kiwa tamparu lentrito karadinu? 40. Let me get it. Now we will go. Lenumo eta. Mutomo. 41. See my pretty red apple! Viziko teguze lozhe elamu. elamu - apple 42. I have three good apples. Pozo tekirse guze elami. 43. One is red, and two are yellow. Onu stimeso lozhe, tosi stimesto yane. When a number stands in the position of a pronoun or noun it takes the noun ending. Ona -> onu yane - yellow yanertu - yellowness 44. I will give you the red one. Ledono telozhu elar vuan. doneo - to give Note that an adjective takes the noun ending when it stands for a noun. lozhe (red) -> lozhu (the red one) 45. May I have a yellow one, too? pozio meto seyanu epe? 46. Yes. If you are a good girl. Yena. Yava speselo seguze kiru. yena - yes (yava speselo... - If you appear to be...) 47. I see a big red apple in the tree. Vizo teruge lozhe elamu lentar tebaraku. 48. Will you let me get it? zinito kua tona numio eta? zineo - to give permision, to allow, to permit tona - introduces a clause in the dative kua - accusative of the first person singular pronoun 49. Yes, you may if it is not too high. Yeva, parmeto vua, yava nisoprito kelsen faruche. uche - much faruche - too much nisopreo - ni + sopreo - is not upon ... Adjectives that apply to adverbs follow the adverb. 50. Frank and little May are in the field with the wagon. Frank en tizne May soprento tekampu par tekaradinu. 51. They have come to find flowers. Harevesto dina deskento techaski. deskeo - to find, discover chasku - flower 52. May has a red flower. May pozeso selozhe chasku. 53. Frank has three yellow flowers. Frank pozeso sekirse yane chaski. 54. He will let May have them. zinito May pozio tia. tia - them, accusative plural of eta - it. 55. She will take them to the wagon Leparnito selu elar tokaradinu. 56. She is glad to get the pretty flowers. Pelsito tena sipeso teguze chaski. sipio - to receive 57. Come here, girls! I see a nest. Reviako tekiri! Vizo seteriagu. teriagu - bird nest 58. Little birds are in it. Shadaradini lentrento eta. Tizne sharadi lentrento eta. shadaradinu - shadaru + dinu = tiny bird, baby bird, toy bird 59. One, two, three. Ona, tosa, kirsa. 60. The little birds can not fly. Sharadini niablo fulio. 61. They are not pretty. Nistimesto guze. (They don not exhibit prettiness.) 62. They will get pretty by and by. Lestimesto guze veste verale chori. veste - after, following verale - some, and unspecified number choru - day. veste verale chori - by and by, some day, in a while, after a while, eventually. Delay measured in days or weeks. 63. The big bird is not here now. Dasa ruge shadaru nipaludito tukronen. paludeo - to be here, to be in this place. tukronen - (adverb) currently, emphasizes that the action of the verb is right now. 64. She is high in the apple tree. Soprito kelsen teelame baraku. elame - adj. form of elamu - apple 65. She will come to them by and by. Lereveso elar tian veste kronu. kronu - time vesta kronu - after a time, in a while. delay measured in minutes or hours. 66. She will come and feed them. Lereveso dina tabuleno tia. tabuliro - to feed (another, not oneself) tia - them acc. of ti - they 67. The boys like to go to the woods. Ladi pelsito tena muteso terumanu. rumanu - forest, woods 68. Here they are now. Paludento tukronen. 69. Here are the horse and the wagon. Ruku ena karu paludito. Notice that when the subjects are multiple the verb is still in 3rd person singular rather than the plural as might be expected. 70. And here is the boy with the drum. Ena ladu par tetamparu paludito. 71. They like to play in the woods. Pelsento tena famento lentra terumanu. lentar - within prep form of lentreo. Takes accusative. 72. They like to find pretty flowers. Pelsento tena deskento teguze chaski. 73. If they find little birds in a nest, they will not take them. Yava deskento tetizne sharadi lentar teteriagu, saden ninumesto tia. 74. By and by they will go home. Vesta kronu lemutesto elar hodevu. devu - home 75. They will ride home in the wagon. Lebasenento lentar tekaru elar todevu. 76. Will you let me ride home with you, Frank? zinito kua tena baseno elar todevu par vua. 77. Yes, May, you may sit by me in the wagon if you like. Yena, May, yava anjipelso, saden metelo derio par kua lentar tekaru. par - prep. near, beside, next to derio - to sit, to be seated anji- verb prefix "would". anjipelso - I would be happy. 78. Get in, and give me the whip. Lentreoko ena doneoko kua dopelechiu. pelechiu - whip pelechio - to whip 79. I will not whip the good horse. Lenipelecho tebane ruku. bane - good, proper 80. Now, here we go! Tukronen mutomo! ------- Dec. 20, 2004 ------- 81. Here is the apple tree, but we can not see the nest in it. Paludito elame baraku, mena niabloyo viziro teteriagu lentar eta. mena - but, however Section 2 Review 82. Here are three boys and two girls by the big apple tree. Kirsa ladi ena tosa kiri paludito par teruge elame baraku. 83. One boy has a yellow drum and one has a whip. Ona ladu pozeso seyane tamparu en onu pozeso sepelechiu. 84. The boy in the red wagon is Frank. Ladu letar telozhe karu steno Frank. 85. The girls are glad to see Frank. Kiri pelsito viziro Frank. 86. He will give them a ride. Lezinito tena ti basenito. 87. They like to go with him to the fields and the woods. Pelsito mutio par tsua elar tokampi en rumanu. 88. May we ride with you, Frank? Baseneo par vua metoyo, Frank? 89. Yes, girls, get in! And you, too, boys! Yena, kiri, lentreoko! Ena vu, ladi! 90. Sit by me and see the good horse go. Deriako par kua en viziko tena bane ruku muteso. 91. Now we will go to the woods to find flowers and see the pretty birds. Mutomo tukronen elar torumanu dina deskoyo sechaski ena vizomo teguze shadari. 92. In one tree you can see a nest, but you can not see the little birds. Lentar heona baraku ablelo viziro seteriagu, mena niablelo visio teshadaradini. 93. You may see the big bird if she comes to feed the little ones. Metelo viziro teruge shadaru yava reveso dina tabuleno tebabadini. 94. She has a pretty home high in the tree. Pozeso teguze devu tena soprito kelsen tebaraku.
Cumulative Lexicon to date
Cumulative Grammar to date
Volume 1 Section 3
1. Do you see this? It is my kite.
Vizinyo tesha? Eliantu naku.
eliantu - kite
2. My father gave it to me.
Padaku godonito eta kuan.
kuan - dative of ku. In this instance, "to me"
pada - father informal, daddy, poppa.
go- past tense verb prefix
3. Is it not a pretty one?
Kiwa spesito seguze, ne?
ne - no
4. He gave me this drum, too.
Godonito tesha tamparu epe.
epe - also, in addition, ("in addition too" takes acc.)
5. You may go with me and see me fly my kite.
Metelo mutio par kua ena viziro tena fulo eliantuku.
6. You may take the drum with you.
Metelo parneo tetamparu.
7. Are you not glad my father gave it to me?
Kiwa pelselo tena paku godonito eta kuan?
tena here takes the meaning "because" or "that" as in
"are you happy that..."
paku - my pop, my dad - informal
8. Frank and John are in the field.
Frank ena John lentrito tekampu.
9. They have come here to play.
Ti haprentito dina famito.
prenteo [vb II] - to arrive in this place (see also paludeo - to BE in this place)
10. How high can you jump, Frank?
Ablelo taltiro kwen kelsen, Frank?
kwen - preceeds an adverb and asks how much, how many, in what degree, etc.
taltiro [vb III] - to jump, to leap
11. Can you jump as high as this?
Ablelo taltiro an kelsen sum sha?
an ... sum - with an adverb "as ... as" ex: "as quickly as"
Also with an adjective "an lozhe sum ..." "as red as ..."
12. I can not jump high, John, but I can jump far.
Niablo kelsen taltiro, John, mena ablo taltiro seuche denzu.
denzu - distance
denze - distant
uche denzu - a long distance, a long way, far
13. See! I can jump as far as to the big apple tree.
Viziko! Ablo taltiro tedenzu elar toruge elame baraku.
(I can jump the distance to the big apple tree.)
14. Now, John, let me see you jump.
John, metelo tukronen viziro tena taltinyo.
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Dec. 21, 2004
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15. Here is May with her kitten.
May paludito par teperadinu nasela.
peru - cat
peradinu - kitten
nasela - of hers
16. Her mother gave the kitten to her.
Madu nasela donito teperadinu sela.
madu - mother, mom informal
17. She is kind to the pretty kitten.
Kanito teguze peradinu poa kale.
18. She likes to see it jump and play.
Eromeso viziro tena talteno ena choito.
NOTE: choeo is used since fameo would only be used to play a
structured game with rules.
eromio [vb I] - to like to do, to enjoy doing,
takes infinitive verb, NOT a noun. (see emesio)
emiseo [vb II] - to like or enjoy a thing. Takes acc. of the noun. See also eromio
19. See it run with May's ball!
Viziko vilito par hepalu na May.
20. It does not run far with it.
Nivilito teuche denzu par eta. (Did not run to much distance...)
21. If May can get the ball she will not take it.
Yava May ablito sipio tepalu, saden niparnito eta.
22. She will give it to the kitten to play with.
Ledonito eta elar toparadinu dina fementeso eta.
(... in order that it plays with it.)
23. This is little Lucy.
Shau steno tetizne Lucy.
24. Her home is far away.
Devu nasela seno uche denze.
25. She has come to see Frank and May.
Haprentito dina vizeno he Frank ena May.
Articles like he- stand alone before proper nouns.
26. All the little girls love Lucy.
Ale totizne kiri yamento he Lucy.
ale - all of. Takes dative
yameo [vb II] - to love
27. They are kind and good to her, and she loves them.
Stimesto kale ena nobire sela, ena yamito tia.
nobire - gentle, kind, gentlemanly
nobiru - gentleman
28. Frank will let her ride with him in the big wagon.
Frank lezinito tena basenito par tsua lentar teruge karu.
29. He will give her the whip, and the horse will go fast.
Donito tepeluchiu selan, ena ruku lemuteso ekuten.
ekuten - quickly
ekute - quick, fast
30. The horse will go fast and far, but he will not run away.
Ruku lemuteso ekuten elar todenzashu, mena lenifueteso.
fuetio [vb I] - run away, abandon, flee, desert
31. Look, Frank! See my pretty flowers.
Viziko he Frank! Viziko heguze chaski naku.
32. Mother gave them to me.
Madu godonito teshi kuan.
33. She gave them to me this morning.
Godonito teshi kuan pena onate sabu.
pena - during, at the time of
sabu - morning
onate sabu - lit. first morning = this morning
34. Do you not think they are pretty?
Kiwa sezito tena seno guze?
sezeo [vb II] - to believe, to hold an opinion that ...
35. How many flowers have I?
Kwanive chaski pozeso?
kwanive - how many
36. Here are three my mother gave me.
Peruderomo kirsu tena maduku godonito kuan.
37. My father gave me two red ones.
Paku godonito setosa lozhi kuan.
lozhi - noun form - red ones
38. How many are three and two?
Kwen akrito kirsa en tosa?
39. I will keep the red flower.
Leresto telozhe chasku.
resteo [vb II] - to keep, to retain.
40. I will give all my yellow flowers to Lucy.
Ledono heale yane chaski elar Lucy
41. She will like them.
Leemisito tia.
42. She will take them home with her.
Leparnito tia dodevu par tia.
43. Good morning, little bird.
Emiseoko tesabu, shadaradinu.
44. Good morning, kind Lucy.
Emisabu, kale Lucy.
45. How pretty your nest is, little bird!
Teriagu navu seno uche guze, shadaradinu!
46. May I look at the little ones in it?
Kiwa anjizinelo kua tona vizo tesharadinu lentrito.
(Would you permit me to ...)
47. Yes, you may look at them, but you must not take them away.
Yena, metito viziro tia, mena predo numio tia.
prediro - to be forbidden. Takes infinitive verb.
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Dec. 22, 2004
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48. How many birds have you?
Kwanive shadari pozero?
49. Let me see. One, two, three, four.
Levizo. Ona, tosa, kirsa, kwana.
50. I do not think they are pretty.
Nisezo tena sendo guze.
51. They may not be pretty now, but I love them, little girl.
Nisendo guze, mena yamo tia, tizne kiru.
52. Frank has gone to the field with his kite.
Frank muteso elar tekampu par heeliantu natsu.
53. He likes to play with it.
Eromeso choeo eta.
54. It is the kite his father gave him.
Tu esito teeliantu tena padu natsu godonito tsuan.
esteo - [vb II] - is identical with. Equates one thing to another. This IS my ball.
55. He will run and the kite will fly.
Levilito ena eliantu lefuleso.
56. He can run very fast, and the kite can fly very high.
Ablito vileo uche ekute, ena eliantu ablito fulio uche kelse.
57. John does not like to run with a kite.
John nieromeso vileo par seeliantu.
58. He likes to play on his drum.
Eromeso spilio hetamparu natsu.
spilio [vb I] - to play, as on a musical intrument.
Applies only to musical performance, not to games or toys.
59. He will play on his drum, and Frank will run with his kite.
Lespileso hetamparu natsu ena Frank levilito heeliantu natsu.
60. Oh, mother, come here!
Ho madu, reviako!
61. See this pretty flower.
Viziko tesha guze chasku.
62. I think it is a rose.
Sezo tena estito segalu.
galu - rose, the flower.
63. Is it not a yellow rose?
Kiwa estito seyane galu?
64. Yes, May. It is a yellow rose.
Yena, May. Estito seyane galu.
65. If you will come with me, I will give you some red roses.
Yava kombanero kua, sedan ledono heverale lozhe gali.
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Dec. 23, 2004
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66. May I have them to keep, mother?
Resteo meto teshi, madu?
67. You may keep some of them, but you must give some to Lucy.
Metelo resteo verali, mena milero doneo teverali he Lucy.
milio - to be required to, to need to, takes infinitive verb.
never takes a noun. To need or to require a thing use nopio
nopio - to need, to required a thing. Takes noun in the accusative.
never takes a verb. To need or require some action use milio.
68. Oh, yes! I will give her four red roses, and one yellow rose.
Ho yin! Ledono selan tekwana lozhe gali en ona yane galu.
69. I will give her some to take home to her mother, too.
Ledono selan epe verali tena parnito hodevu elar madu nasela.
70. Do you like yellow roses, mother?
Kiwa emiselo teyane gali, madu?
71. Yes, May, I think they are very pretty.
Yina, May. Sezo tena sendo uche guze.
72. John was a good boy this morning.
Goesteso John tekale ladu pena onate sabu.
73. His mother gave him a pretty book.
Godoneso madu natsu tsua saguze haribu.
haribu - book
74. He was very glad.
Goasidito uche.
asideo - to be happy.
aside - happy
asidertu - happiness
75. "Oh, mother," he said, "how kind you are to give me this book!
"Ho madu!", goudeso, "Stimero uche binye tena donelo tosha haribu kuan!"
udio - to say
binye - kind, thoughful, considerate, generous
76. "I think it is very pretty."
"Sezo tena stimeso uche guze."
77. "You must take good care of it," said his mother.
"Milero kaneo eta poa onoru," goudeso madu natsu.
"Milero kaneo onoren eta," goudeso madu natsu.
"Milero onoreo eta," goudeso madu natsu.
onoru [n] - care, respect, regard, responsibility
onoren [adv] - responsibly, carefully, respectfully
onoreo [vb II] - to treat with respect, to handle responsibly = kaneo onory.
78. "Yes, mother," said John, "and I will let Lucy and May look at it too.
"Yina madu," goudeso John, "ena epe lezino tena Lucy en May vizendo eta."
79. "They like to look at pretty books."
"Eromesto viziro teguze haribi."
80. "The girls will think you are a very kind little boy."
"Lesezento kiri tena estelo teuche nobire tizne ladu."
81. "They will take good care of your book."
"Leonorento haribu navu."
82. All the boys and girls are going to school this morning.
"Ale ladi ena kiri mutesto elar teekolariu pena onate sabu.
ekolariu [n](-rim) - school
-riu (-rim) - suffix to a noun or verb stem to indicate a place,
usually an enclosed public space, where the thing or activity is found.
EX: ekolu - scholar, student -> ekolariu - school
EX: habiru - book -> (*habirariu) -> habiriu - library
ekolu [n] - scholar, student
ekoler [adj] - scholarly
ekolio [vb I] - to study
83. You can see them as they go.
Ablelo tia pena mutesto.
84. Little Lucy is not with them.
Tizne Lucy nikombaneso tia.
85. She has gone to her home, far away.
Hamuteso hedevu nasela, uche denze.
86. But I see May and some other girls.
Mena vizo he May ena teverale daier kiri.
daier [adj] - other, different
87. John has his new book.
Pozeso John heanle haribu natsu.
anle [adj] - new
88. Some of the other boys have books, too.
Verale daier ladi epe pozesto harabi.
89. I do not see Frank, but I think he will come soon.
Nivizo he Frank, mena sezo tena reveso vesta kronu.
90. Look at this picture.
Viziko tesha razu.
razu [n](-im) - picture, photograph, drawing, generic image
91. It is the picture of my pet kitten.
Estito razu hetalene peradinu.
talenu [n](-i) - pet, domestic animal.
talene (adj) - pet, use adjective form in phrases like talene kopu.
92. Do you not think she is a pretty pet?
Kiwa Sezelo tena estito seguze talenu.
93. One morning as I was going to school, I found this kitten.
Sente sabu pena muto heokolariu, desko tesha peradinu.
sente - some Used idomatically: sente sabu, sente choru, one morning, one day,
94. She was by a tree in the woods.
Goseno par sebaraku tena lentrito terumanu.
95. After school I took her home.
Veste gohuerelo heokolariu saden goparno sela sadevu.
(After I left the school ...)
huereo [vb II] - to leave
96. "Mother," I said, "see this pretty little kitten."
"Madu," goudo, "viziko teguze peradinu."
97. "May I keep her as a pet?"
"Resteo meto sela dina anjiestito hetalanu?"
(May I keep her so that she would be a pet?)
98. Mother said, "You may keep her if you will take good care of her."
Goudeso madu, "Metelo resteo sela, yava leonoreo banen selan."
99. I am kind to my kitten.
Stimero kale separadinu naku.
100. I feed her and she loves me.
Tabulinyo sela ena yamito kua.
Section 3 Review
101. My mother gave me a new book.
Godonito maduku teanle haribu kuan.
102. I took it to school one morning, to let the girls see the pictures.
Goparno eta he okolariu sente sabu dina metento tekiri tena vizendo te razim.
103. Soon after this I found my pet kitten and took her home with me.
Veste pena godesko talene peradinu naku, ena par kua, goparno sela sa devu.
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Dec. 24, 2004 Early Middle Tazhu.
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104. I like to play with my pet kitten.
Eromo choeo te talene peradinu.
105. I will do as mother says.
Ledeno nere mandito madu.
nere - in the manner, in the way, how
EX: Deno nere denelo. I behave like you behave.
deneo - to behave, to act, to comport onself in the manner described
Takes an adjective or a clause that stands for an adjective
mandeo - to request, to ask for
106. I will take good care of the kitten.
Leonoro te peradinu.
107. I love little Lucy.
Yamo te tizne Lucy.
108. But now she has gone far away to her home.
Mena gohuerito selu te denze devu nasela.
109. I like to see John run with his kite.
Eromo viziro tena John vilito par eliantu natsu.
110. He can run as fast as the other boys, but he can not jump far.
Ablito vileo an ekute sum daier ladim, mena niablito taltiro denzen.
111. He does not like to look at books and pictures, but he can play on a drum.
Nieromeso viziro te harabi ena razim, mena ablito spilio te tamparu.
[missing text on page 42]
Cumulative Lexicon to date
Cumulative Grammar to date
Volume 1 Section 4 1. The name of this little girl is Rose. Stiru na tesha tize kiru ho Rose. na - of, belonging to Takes acccusative ho - the dative null article tags the name in stiru na ... ho2. Do you think she looks like a rose? Sezelo tena spesito elu se galu? 3. Do you think Rose is a pretty name? Sezeo tena Rose estito se guze stiru? 4. Rose goes to school. Yarito Rose te okolariu. yareo [vb II] - to attend (regularly) 5. She can read and write. Ablito elu regeo en skrio. regeo [vb II] - to read skrio [vb I] - to write. 6. At home, she likes to read to her mother. Lan devu, eromeso he madu nasela. lan - in or at the place named. ------- Dec. 26, 2004 Early Middle Tazhu. ------- 7. She likes to look at the pictures, too. Eromo epe viziro razim. 8. Tell me, Rose, how well you can read. Udero Rose ho ku tena kwen banen rego. 9. Can you read well in your book? Kiwa banen rego aba haribu navu? aba - [prep] - from, from within. 10. I think you can write very well. Sezo ablelo uchen skrio. 11. Can you write your name? Skrio ablelo stiru navu? 12. Can you tell me the name of this pretty little bird? Udero ablelo ho ku tena kiwa stiru na tesha guze tizne shadaru? 13. It is so little it can not fly very far. Seno din tizne tena fulio niablito uche denzu. din ... tena - "so ... that" as in "It's so small that it can't be seen." ------- Jan. 1, 2005 Early Middle Tazhu. ------- 14. Some of the boys found it in the woods, as they were going to school one day. 15. It was not in a nest. 16. Frank said; "I will take the little bird home with me. 17. It will be a good pet." 18. So Frank took it as he said. 19. He is kind to it and feeds it. but he will not keep it. 20. Some day it can fly well. 21. Then Frank will let it go. 22. It will fly away with the other birds. 23. Come, girls let us play with our dolls. 24. We will play school. 25. Our dolls will be the children. 26. Our dolls are as good as some children are. 27. They have their books, and I think, they will learn very fast. 28. Soon we shall see how well they can read. 29. This doll is not so good as the others. 30. She does not like to go to school very well. 31. She must sit by me and look at her book. 32. As soon as she can read well, she may go home and play. 33. She goes to school day after day, but she does not learn. 34. She can not write at all. 35. She can not tell her name. 36. This is my little doll. 37. Her name is Lucy. 38. Do you thik she is pretty? 39. "How tall you are, Henry!" 40. "Yes, father, I shall soon be a man. 41. I am as tall as the table, now." 42. "What can you see on the table?" 43. "I can see your big book, father." 44. "What do you see by the book?" 45. "Oh, I see some pictures. 46. Two pictures are by the book, and two are not by the book." 47. "How many are two and two, Henry?" 48. "Two and two are four." 49. "You do well. If you learn fast, you may soon go to school.
Cumulative Lexicon to date
Cumulative Grammar to date
Volume 1 Section 4